写了一大段评论，发帖时按错了一个键～～结果前功尽弃！

 

只好“简要”地再写一次：

 

《罪与罚》的第一章中有两条主线（第二章会出现第三条主线，这是复调小说的特点——多主题多层次性）：

1、主人公Raskolnikov的现实困境以及由此带来的内心艰难；

2、主人公的思想困境和心理矛盾。从第三段的两句话可以看出来：

He had become so completely absorbed in himself, and isolated from his fellows that he dreaded meeting, not only his landlady, but anyone at all. He was crushed by poverty, but the anxieties of his position had of late ceased to weigh upon him. He had given up attending to matters of practical importance; he had lost all desire to do so. Nothing that any landlady could do had a real terror for him.

 

此处暗示了Raskolnikov性格中的一面：absorbed in himself，陀思妥耶夫斯基在创作手记中提到过这种类型的人，并且把它作为俄罗斯某种人格的普遍特征。事实上，尼采、克尔凯郭尔都论述过这种人，尼采把他们成为超人，克尔凯郭尔则认为这是面对生存恐惧无法逃离绝望处境的人。

 

Raskolnikov的内心世界是非常复杂的，陀氏真可谓心理分析大师，他在此处清晰地指出，这种性格的人害怕一切外在的琐事和人。

 

Raskolnikov的思想无疑与这有关，在思想上他想干一件事情（这件事情在第二章逐渐明朗起来），以使他得到心灵的自由，摆脱内心的恐惧；另一方面，他的思想却无法控制内心对这件事情的嫌恶，以至于在第一次从老太婆家回来的时候，心灵的痛苦达到了顶点：

When he was in the street he cried out, "Oh, God, how loathsome it all is! and can I, can I possibly. . . . No, it's nonsense, it's rubbish!" he added resolutely. "And how could such an atrocious thing come into my head? What filthy things my heart is capable of. Yes, filthy above all, disgusting, loathsome, loathsome!--and for a whole month I've been. . . ."

 

当他走进彼得堡的一家小酒馆的时候，却把这种loathsome归因于生理上的原因：

"All that's nonsense," he said hopefully, "and there is nothing in it all to worry about! It's simply physical derangement. Just a glass of beer, a piece of dry bread--and in one moment the brain is stronger, the mind is clearer and the will is firm! Phew, how utterly petty it all is!"

人真的很会找合理化的借口……

 

在第二章我们会看到，在酒馆里他遇见了一个clerk，这个人只是一个引子，所带出来的一个人却对Raskolnikov犯罪后心灵的新生产生了举足轻重的影响。